Accessibility Tools
This report, “Collaborative Doctoral Education: University-Industry Partnerships for Enhancing Knowledge Exchange” presents the findings of the project “DOC-CAREERS: From Innovative Doctoral Education to Enhanced Career Opportunities”, which was conducted with the financial support from the European Commission – Directorate-General for Research.
The report draws upon also upon the knowledge and experience accumulated by EUA on doctoral programme reform through several projects in the framework of the “Third Cycle” of the Bologna Process, and on university-industry cooperation through the “Responsible Partnering Guidelines” initiative. The European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA), as one of the partners of the latter initiative, has been also a key partner in the conduct of this present study by facilitating the consultation with the business sector.
As Europe enters a future marked by both unprecedented challenges and opportunities that extend beyond national boundaries, the next EU R&I Framework Programme (FP10) stands to become the continen ...
Postdoctoral researchers are important contributors to European higher education, playing significant roles in research, but also in teaching and societal engagement. ...
University R&I, and its synergies with education and service to society, is the premier gateway to the knowledge and skills needed for scientific progress and sustainable societal development. ...
The wide-ranging ambitions of the European Green Deal provide a policy framework to integrate the scientific, educational, and institutional dimensions of universities’ contribution to the green tra ...
Developing a comprehensive approach to innovation for the benefit of universities is at the core of the European University Association’s vision for the future of European higher education and resea ...
The European University Association welcomes the European Commission’s Communication on A New European Innovation Agenda, notably as an overarching innovation agenda is needed to tackle specific bot ...
The EUA Council for Doctoral Education has developed this publication at a time when global challenges such as the climate crisis and the need to build a more sustainable planet, together with emergin ...
In recent years, co-tutelles de thèse have become increasingly popular among universities in Europe in the area of doctoral education as one of the main components of their internationalisation strat ...
This publication provides an up-to-date overview of important developments in doctoral education in Europe. It serves as a follow-up publication to the previous large-scale study “Doctoral education ...
This report provides in-depth analysis of the results of the first-ever Europe-wide survey on universities and innovation. ...
A European Green Deal that achieves its purpose must be science-driven, with suitable mechanisms for the provision of scientific advice and the boosting of scientific literacy among citizens and polic ...
The process to renew the European Research Area (ERA) is gathering pace and is set to continue in the coming weeks, months and years. Building on previous policy positions, this policy input further e ...
In recent years, European universities and other stakeholders have taken interest in career tracking in doctoral education as one of the ways to better understand the potential professional future of ...
As negotiations continue on the future Horizon Europe programme, the discussion on the Model Grant Agreement is fundamental for effective and smooth implementation. Not only does the Model Grant Agree ...
Universities are moving away from linear concepts of innovation to closer co-creative approaches with external partners, which help them take on a new central role in their innovation ecosystems. This ...
This EUA-CDE report presents the results of an extensive and unique study on the state of play of doctoral education in Europe. Offering findings gathered from more than 300 institutions across Europe ...
The European University Association (EUA) welcomes the European Commission Joint Research Centre’s report on “A Regional Innovation Impact: Assessment Framework for universities”. The ...
EUA and more than a dozen other university associations have united to issue a common response to the European Commission’s proposal for Horizon Europe. The 14 signatory associations discussed ...
The European University Association (EUA) welcomes the European Commission’s proposal for the next Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (Horizon Europe). ...
The European Energy Research Alliance (EERA), the EUA Energy and Environment Platform (EUA-EPUE) and EIT InnoEnergy urge the European Institutions to keep sustainable energy as a top priorit ...
As the European Commission prepares to launch its proposal for “Horizon Europe”, the next Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, EUA proposes a broad and comprehensive design o ...
This EUA response to the call for feedback on the report by Professor Mariana Mazzucato (University College London) on mission-oriented research and innovation in the EU, sets out four ...
In line with the campaign “EU funding for universities”, which gathers support from the bulk of the university sector across Europe, EUA is also partnering with other university networks ...
Addressing Europe’s key challenges and ensuring sustainable development requires the EU to have a well-functioning budget and to revisit its investment priorities. Cooperation in research ...
The European University Association (EUA) and its Energy and Environment Platform (EUA-EPUE) are at the helm of an extensive Europe-wide effort to address the Energy Transition by focusing o ...
To maximise the effectiveness of Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3) in developing regional innovation ecosystems, it is important to fully capitalise on tangible and intangible assets that uni ...
In late 2017, as the interim evaluation of Horizon 2020 draws to a close and the debate on the next Framework Programme (FP9) is in full swing, EUA further defines its vision developed the previous ye ...
The European University Association (EUA) welcomes the report released earlier this week by the High Level Group on maximising the impact of EU research and innovation programmes. The report ...
This position paper reiterates the strategic importance of fostering a united and prosperous knowledge-based society in Europe, which needs to remain a high priority despite the uncertain political an ...
EUA welcomes the document as a sound draft, though still in need of essential amendments. The document, as stated, should function as a framework for institutional and national codes and pra ...
This document sets out the response of the European University Association (EUA) to the EC public consultation on smart specialisation. EUA has prepared this response in consultation with its Expert G ...
The European University Association (EUA) welcomes the European Commission's (EC) 14 September 2016 proposal for a Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market. EUA views the proposed Directive ...
As the European Commission undertakes its mid-term review of the current Framework Programme for Research and Innovation and prepares discussions on its post-2020 successor, EUA invited its members to ...
The European University Association (EUA) welcomes the European Commission's (EC) 14 September proposal for a Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market. EUA views the proposed Directive ...
Adopted by the EUA Council on 28 October 2016, this vision paper provides an early perspective on the main challenges ahead and outlines key areas, from the point of view of Europe’s universities, t ...
The European University Association (EUA) appreciates the European Commission’s interest in fostering innovation in Europe and welcomes the discussion on ideas for a European Innovation Council ...
This paper presents issues which EUA considers important for universities in addressing the impact of digitalisation and thus which we propose to explore over the coming years in collaborati ...
The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for the continued implementation of reforms in doctoral education building on the Salzburg Principles and Recommendations. It is directed at ...
This report presents the outcomes of the first meeting of EUA’s Expert Group on Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3). It specifically makes recommendations for act ...
Universities are uniquely placed to support regional development across the linked domains of knowledge generation, innovation and education and European universities endorse the concept of Smart Spec ...
The European University Association (EUA) welcomes the European Commission’s (EC) 9 December Communication outlining its intentions to move towards a modern, more European copyright framework. T ...
As defined in the Salzburg Recommendations, internationalisation is a significant component of developing the quality of research and of doctoral education within universities. At the s ...
The project “Promoting Collaborative Doctoral Education for Enhanced Career Opportunities” (DOC-CAREERS II) looked at how universities work with their business and other non-university partne ...
This document sets out the response of the European University Association (EUA) to the public consultation on ex-post evaluation of the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). EUA has prepared this respon ...
Following its 2011 statement on the EU’s “Innovation Union” Flagship Initiative, entitled “Smart People for Smart Growth”, EUA submitted a contribution to the European Commission’s (EC) pu ...
All universities are significantly dependent upon public funding as a major source of support for their research programmes. The difference between private and public universities is in the ...
The modernisation process of universities has historically highlighted the necessity of providing support structures to facilitate contacts and relationships between research groups and the outsi ...
The EUIMA Collaborative Research project used two complementary approaches to collect data on university-business cooperation – in-depth case studies through questionnaires and workshops. The&n ...
In September, the Council of the European Union (EU member states) formally approved its position on the EU draft budget for 2015, which has been proposed by the European Commission. The Council of th ...
The response to the European Commission public consultation on “Science 2.0: Science in Transition” has been prepared in coordination with the EUA Research Policy Working Group. ...
The present EUA-ERA Progress Report complements the former, Europes Universities: Main drivers in achieving the European Research Area, and documents EUA’s additional most recent activities, st ...
How universities can be part of smart specialisation was the question discussed by participants at a major Commission conference on 20 June 2014. The President of the European University Association ( ...
On 21 and 22 February 2013 at the premises of the European Commission Joint Research Centre, the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), in Seville (Spain) a group of experts from ...
Major concrete results have been achieved by EUA with its large membership in moving forward the implementation of European Research Area policies and raising further awareness of their importance. Su ...
Quality assurance and doctoral education have been elements of the Bologna Process since the 2003 ministerial meeting in Berlin, but until rather recently, they have been developing on two differ ...
Abstract The ORPHEUS/AMSE1/WFME2 PhD standards document, published January 2012, is a practical tool for quality assurance of PhD programmes. Another document, the new PhD principles document: &ldquo ...
The starting point for the CODOC project was the need to develop a new, global approach to doctoral education, taking into account the development of new means of communication and easi ...
This report follows EUA’s first study on financially sustainable universities, which looked at the development of full costing in European universities and the ways to improve their capacity to ...
In 2005, the Salzburg Principles were established in the Bologna Process as the basis of the reforms for doctoral education. In the half decade that has passed since then, Europe’s univers ...
Doctoral education is a major priority for European universities and for EUA. In the context of the Bologna Process the importance of doctoral education as the third cycle of higher education and ...
EUA commissioned this study entitled The Rise of Knowledge Regions: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges for Universities with the aim of understanding the current role of universities and futur ...
This Handbook describes a voluntary programme of Responsible Partnering aimed at improving the organisation, management and overall effectiveness of joint research and strategic knowledge transfe ...
This report aims to provide EUA members and other stakeholders in higher education and research with a broad view of the current landscape of doctoral programmes in Europe. EUA is grateful t ...
The Glasgow Convention provided the opportunity for over 600 EUA members and partners from over 40 countries to come together and take stock of progress made so far in developing the European Higher E ...
...
This EUA study was undertaken in the first half of 2004 to meet the need for informed European policy discussions with an overview of the main trends and developments in the financing o ...
The Bologna Seminar on ''Doctoral Programmes for the European Knowledge Society'' provided the first major forum to discuss the new Action Line in the Bologna Process entitled “European Higher Educa ...
The European University Association is pleased to announce that it is strengthening its Secretariat with the appointment of a new senior team member. ...
With the publication of the Barcelona Declaration on Open Research Information, the European University Association is pleased to see new efforts to support the openness of the entire research process ...
Too often, European regulations and directives have been proposed with far-reaching consequences for universities, research centres and the people who work there, but with little or no consideration o ...
The European University Association, Science Europe and the European Association of Research and Technology Organisations (EARTO) have jointly addressed an open letter to Iliana Ivanova, European Comm ...
In a joint statement, the European University Association (EUA), the Young European Research Universities Network (YERUN), Aurora Universities, The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universiti ...
The European University Association and Universities UK renew their united call on political leaders to reach a rapid agreement on UK participation in EU research programmes, as the ongoing delay is d ...
The Western Balkans Alumni Association (WBAA) study aims to gather alumni relevant perceptions, opinions, experiences, knowledge, memories, pathways & ideas to contribute to the academic landscape ...
As part of its efforts to support Open Access Diamond and institutional publishing, the DIAMAS project is launching a campaign to gather resources such as guidelines, best practices, training material ...
What do you know and think about the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and the Bologna Process? ...
The German Rectors' Conference (HRK) has opened a call for contributions ahead of the conference "Recognition Culture in Higher Education. International Perspectives on Lifelong Learning and Student M ...
The European Federation of Academies of Sciences and Humanities (ALLEA) has published a revised edition of the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity. ...
Alongside fellow European higher education and research stakeholders, the European University Association has reacted to a recent statement from the Board of the European Innovation Council (EIC) on t ...
The Academic Cooperation Association (ACA) is currently conducting an impact study on Erasmus Mundus programme’s impact on European higher education institutions and in partner countries. ...
European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU) has launched new online courses for professional development in digital teaching and learning. ...
For the EU Mobility Programme for Myanmar (EMPM), the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Campus France and the Dutch organisation for internationalisation in education (Nuffic) are inviting univ ...
Nominations are now open for the Höffmann Academic Award for Intercultural Competence, conferred annually by the University of Vechta. ...
The Global University Network for Innovation (GUNi) has launched its International Call to Action 2023-2026 (GUNi-ICA). ...
The Rovira i Virgili University (URV) has announced a call for applications for 56 doctoral contracts. This call is addressed to Master graduates who would like to start a doctorate at ...
The European Commission has launched complementary calls for proposals under the European Regional Development Fund (Interregional Innovation Investments (I3) Instrument) and the European Innovation E ...
The project “Universities and lifelong learning”, run by the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning and Shanghai Open University, released two reports as final outcomes on 5 June 2023 during an in ...
On 31 May, the second meeting of the European University Association task and finish group on the EU Research and Innovation Framework Programme took place in Brussels. ...
The Queen Mary Festival of Education will take place 18-20 April 2023. The Festival will explore the theme of Inclusive Education, addressing the visible and hidden barriers to success and exploring p ...
EUA member Erasmus University Rotterdam is organising the International Knowledge Week on Inclusion, Diversity, Equity & Access on 8-11 May. ...
Applications for the Lifelong Learning Awards are open. ...
The European Academic Refugee Interdisciplinary Network (EARIN) Secretariat is holding the first online workshop of the Network on “European Collaboration with Low- and Middle-Income Countries”, o ...
On 30 March, members of the new EUA Expert Group on Innovation came together for a first meeting in Brussels. ...
National Rector’s Conferences are invited to take part in the Transfer-Workshop “European Perspectives on Rare Disciplines: The German-French mapping of Rare Disciplines: a Model for Europe?”, w ...
The European Commission is calling on all Europeans to take part in the public consultation and share their views on the envisaged measures to provide transparency of foreign interference and on how s ...
The European Commission has launched a consultation to collect information, expertise and views from all interested parties in order to reach evidence-based contribution ahead of the Commission’s pr ...
The European University Association (EUA) strongly welcomes the words of the President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, that the agreement on the Windsor Framework for Northern Irelan ...
Europavox is a cultural European project, co-funded by the Europe Creative programme of the European union, aiming to help European music talents to travel and spread their songs all over the continen ...
As part of a recent public consultation conducted by the European Commission on the past, present and future of the European research and innovation framework programmes, the European University Assoc ...
Twenty selected postdoctoral researchers from all over the world will benefit from a 3-day workshop with experts in project writing and evaluation, support in project preparation, and a grant. ...
The First Edition of the World Congress for the Comparative Study of Civilizations, entitled The New Enlightenment between Traditions and Challenges - Crossroads of Civilizations, will be held in Buch ...
In a new statement, the European University Association and CESAER, an association of universities of science and technology in Europe, have expressed their shared concern about the unbalanced share o ...
Today, the Council of the European Union adopted Conclusions on the New European Innovation Agenda. The European University Association (EUA) welcomes this decision and notes the emphasis on a broader ...
The European University Association (EUA) has joined the “Improving Research Ethics Expertise and Competencies to Ensure Reliability and Trust in Science” (iRECS) project. ...
On 14 October, members of a new group tasked with guiding the European University Association’s work on research and innovation came together for a first meeting in Brussels. ...
EUA-CDE has published a new report on the findings of the 2020 Thematic Peer Group on “Co-tutelles and Joint Doctorates”. The report outlines the conclusions of this second EUA-CDE Thematic Peer ...
EUA and other associations representing European universities, research performing organisations, research funding organisations, research libraries, and repositories in Europe have released a joint s ...
Update: the new draft annotated grant agreement was published on 30 November 2021, with changes to articles 1 to 6 and article 20. ...
The European Commission hosted the European Research and Innovation Days on 23-24 June. EUA participated in the event through various activities. ...
On 16 June 2021, the European Commission adopted the long-awaited main work programme of Horizon Europe for 2021-2022. It sets out funding opportunities with the total amount of €14.7 billion, most ...
The University of Aveiro in Portugal organises an intensive training session on Innovation and Global Engagement in Doctoral Education from 25 to 27 March. Registrations are open until 31 January. ...
The EUA Council for Doctoral Education (EUA-CDE) brought together 225 participants on 7 and 8 June to discuss excellence through diversity in doctoral education. Hosted by the University of Ljubljana, ...
Registrations for the 11th EUA-CDE Annual Meeting “Excellence through diversity: Doctoral education in a globalised world” are now open. The event will be hosted by the University of Ljubljana on ...
Implementing an ethos of research integrity has become a crucial challenge for academic leaders and professionals working on doctoral education. Universities are facing uncharted ethical questions ste ...
Save the date! ...
More information will follow in September. ...
The 2024 EUA-CDE Thematic Workshop addressed the multiple dimensions of leadership in doctoral education. To meet today’s large-scale, complex societal challenges and to respond to the big transform ...
The 2024 EUA-CDE Annual Meeting focused on the topic of data from various perspectives. Hosted by the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, it discussed this topic by looking into the available data on ...
Photos taken during the event are now available! The 2023 EUA-CDE Annual Meeting will focus on the different dimensions of communication in doctoral education and developing comprehen ...
The 2023 EUA-CDE Thematic Workshop will focus on how universities can develop a strategic approach to sustainability in doctoral education, while maintaining key principles and values. Topics ...
The EUA Council for Doctoral Education is organising an online focus group on 20 January. The event contributes to the development of a new EUA-CDE vision paper on the future of doctoral educa ...
The 2022 EUA-CDE Annual Meeting ddressed the question of time and timing, taking a close look at this key issue for doctoral education. Through workshops and sessions in various format ...
In the light of the current coronavirus pandemic, the EUA Council for Doctoral Education (EUA-CDE) chose to replace the 2020 EUA-CDE Annual Meeting with a series of online sessions and a webin ...
Nowadays, doctoral candidates pursue different careers both inside and outside of academia. Many will become highly qualified knowledge workers for the public and private sectors, while others ...
Recording of the webinar is available on the EUA YouTube Channel. Doctoral education is at the forefront for the future of research, but how does its current landscape look like today in Euro ...
The Annual Meeting of EUA-CDE is the largest and most comprehensive event dedicated to European doctoral education. It is an opportunity for all stakeholders in doctoral education from Europe ...
The EUA-CDE thematic workshops provide a forum for exchange and discussion between members. The tenth edition focused on ethics and integrity in doctoral education and research training. ...
The EUA Council for Doctoral Education (EUA-CDE) was proud to present its 10th annual meeting, titled ‘Doctoral Education and Harnessing Digital Possibilities’. The event was hosted by Tal ...
The EUA-CDE Thematic Workshop on doctoral education reform in Europe reflected on the impact and outcomes of newly implemented practices and institutional structures. ...
Celebrating the 10th anniversary of EUA-CDE, the Meeting highlights diversity as an enduring characteristic and strength of doctoral education in Europe. ...
The 2019 EUA-CDE Annual Meeting explored the many aspects involved in the larger social contribution of doctoral candidates and doctoral schools and their exchange with various sectors of soci ...
The 2019 EUA-CDE Thematic Workshop will focus on inter-institutional collaboration in doctoral education. Participants will reflect on how universities with different goals and levels of devel ...
A new Finnish pilot scheme for doctoral programmes offers a transformative model for higher education, emphasising interdisciplinarity, real-world relevance and mental health support, states Minna Hen ...
For Anders Ahlbäck, universities must embrace inter- and transdisciplinary education to equip students with the skills to tackle sustainability challenges. Here, he presents an approach to achieving ...
The culture of interdisciplinarity and co-creation is one of the strongest assets of research and innovation in the quest for sustainability. As honest brokers and exponents of this approach, universi ...
Universities must rethink the way they address digital transformation. Strategic planning must evolve to take advantage of opportunities in the digital world and organisations must learn to use data m ...
In May 2022, the world of higher education met for the first UNESCO World Higher Education Conference in over a decade. Here, after returning from the event in Barcelona, EUA’s Thomas Jørgensen rec ...
All universities need more autonomy to be innovative, not only those engaged in the European Universities Initiative. EUA expert Anna-Lena Claeys-Kulik writes that limiting flexible collaboration opti ...
What will the future hold in terms of geopolitics, digitalisation and democracy? How will this affect universities? This University World News piece delves into different scenarios, offering a reflect ...
As universities strive to realise human potential, preserve the planet and promote health and prosperity, the new Magna Charta Universitatum offers a fresh opportunity to adhere to fundamental princip ...
A new EUA study reveals that higher education institutions in Europe are highly engaged in activities that address environmental challenges and the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals ...
Sustainability is an important issue for universities. At Trinity College Dublin, the current strategic plan articulates sustainability as a priority supported by two goals: alignment to the UN Sustai ...
While the fundamental principles of academic freedom and institutional autonomy have not changed in the last 30 years, their context has. EUA’s Monika Steinel analyses the panorama and reflects on w ...
On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the European University Association, Andrée Sursock analyses two decades of transformation and renewal in Europe’s higher education landscape, and charts ...
As the world faces complex challenges, universities are taking the time to reflect about the future strategically. How do we want Europe’s universities to look in ten years? What should be their rol ...
We enter into a New Year, a world more enriched and more impoverished than just 12 months ago. We have endured great loss of life, a heavy burden of illness and deep economic shock. Yet, lessons from ...
In a rapidly-changing labour market, how can students be prepared to be citizens of the world, as well as the future job creators and workers? Wyn Morgan and Catherine O’Mahony look at the definitio ...
The radical digitalisation of higher education due to the Covid-19 crisis offers an opportunity to engage in deeper institutional change addressing the digital and green transitions. As Natalia Timus ...
EUA President Michael Murphy assesses the challenges and opportunities brought by the coronavirus pandemic to Europe’s universities, in particular in relation to funding, digital tools, Open Science ...
A new year brings new opportunities to address global challenges. EUA President Michael Murphy addresses university leaders and the crucial role of higher education in discovering solutions to urgent ...
The Global Convention on Recognition will provide a strong instrument for higher education institutions in dealing with the increasing global mobility of students. Allan Bruun Pedersen, Vice-President ...
University autonomy and academic freedom should be more than topics of proclamation and celebration. Sijbolt Noorda, President of the Magna Charta Observatory, discusses why they should be lived in th ...
Universities are based on and guided by values. It is vital that each institution declares them as principles of good practice and puts in place strategies to embrace and practice them. Francesco Uber ...
How can universities use the renewed attention to values to their advantage? A key step is to move from a negative discussion to a positive one. EUA’s Monika Steinel tells us how.Institutional auton ...
Why should sustainable development be on universities’ agendas? Monika Skadborg from the European Students’ Union discusses the purpose of higher education institutions and why it is strategically ...
Universities have a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and it is clear that they are ready to face the challenge. However, as EUA’s Thomas Jorgensen explains, universities still ...
It is at the apex of higher education, research and innovation, but issues around integrity and employability must be addressed for doctoral education to continue to thrive, says Luke Georghiou. Ambi ...
In the Upper Rhine region, the universities of Basel, Freiburg, Haute-Alsace and Strasbourg together with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology are breaking new ground in cross-border cooperation. The ...
The implications of the political, economic and societal landscape in Europe are becoming ever more complex for Europe’s universities. The Old Continent faces prolonged financial and economic crises ...
EUA works to demonstrate the vital contribution of universities to regional development and sustainable innovation. It underlines how universities contribute to regional capacity building and to susta ...
The MIMIR project was part of a cooperation process between Arab and European universities aimed at developing a strategic Euro-Mediterranean partnership and turning the Mediterranean region into a co ...
The UNI-SET (UNIversities in the SET-Plan) project aims to mobilise European universities to contribute to the ambitious European energy goals spelled out in the European Strategic Energy Technol ...
The FRINDOC project was managed by a consortium of six partners, coordinated by EUA, and consisting of the University of Hong Kong, Stellenbosch University, Imperial College London, the University of ...
Investing in research and innovation is investing in a sustainable and inclusive future. The EU’s aspirations to foster resilience and accelerate the green and digital transitions, as well as stren ...
The European Research Area (ERA) reflects the European Commission and EU member states’ ambition to create a single, borderless market for research, innovation and technology across the EU. It was f ...
Innovation is a key strategic priority for universities. It draws on their research and education missions as well as their role as an honest broker at the nexus of different sectors and communities. ...
At the meeting point between higher education and research and in support of early career researchers, doctoral education plays a key role in addressing the key challenges that research currently face ...
The call for participation for the 2025 EUA-CDE Thematic Peer Group on “Doctoral schools: building bridges beyond academia” is now open. ...
